Ch.1 History of the Councils Concept

Origins of integration

Concept

Flashcard #1: What was the primary political motivation behind European cooperation after WWII?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Fact

Treaty of Paris

Fact

Flashcard #2: Which treaty established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and in what year?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Fact

ECSC founders

Fact

Flashcard #3: Which six states founded the ECSC?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Concept

Why coal & steel

Concept

Flashcard #4: Why were coal and steel chosen as the first sectors for integration?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Concept

ECSC institutions

Concept

Flashcard #5: What made the ECSC institutionally innovative?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Concept

Special Council of Ministers

Concept

Flashcard #6: Why is the ECSC's Special Council of Ministers seen as the ancestor of today's Council of the EU?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Fact

Treaties of Rome

Fact

Flashcard #7: What did the Treaties of Rome (1957) create?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Concept

EEC objective

Date

Flashcard #8: In what year was the European Economic Community (EEC) established?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Concept

QMV origins

Fact

Flashcard #9: What were the original three Communities that preceded the EU?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Concept

Council of the EU role

Date

Flashcard #10: In what year was the Merger Treaty signed?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Concept

Council configurations

Concept

Flashcard #11: Why does the composition of the Council of the EU vary between meetings?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Date

Empty chair crisis

Date

Flashcard #12: What was the 'empty chair' crisis (1965–1966) and what did it reveal?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Concept

Luxembourg Compromise

Concept

Flashcard #13: What was the main effect of the Luxembourg Compromise?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Fact

Single European Act

Fact

Flashcard #14: How did the Single European Act (1986) change Council voting?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Concept

Maastricht & the Council

Concept

Flashcard #15: What was the significance of the Maastricht Treaty (1993) for the Council?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Concept

Co-decision

Concept

Flashcard #16: What did the co-decision procedure imply for the Council?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Fact

European Council composition

Fact

Flashcard #17: Who sits in the European Council?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Concept

European Council function

Concept

Flashcard #18: What is the European Council's main function — and what can it NOT do?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Concept

Two Councils distinguished

Concept

Flashcard #19: Key difference between the Council of the EU and the European Council?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Date

European Council creation

Date

Flashcard #20: When did the European Council emerge as a formal summit forum?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Concept

Fouchet Plan aim

Concept

Flashcard #21: What was the primary objective of the Fouchet Plan (1961-1962)?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Fact

Fouchet — author & sponsor

Fact

Flashcard #22: Who proposed and drafted the Fouchet Plan?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Concept

Fouchet opposition

Concept

Flashcard #23: Who opposed the Fouchet Plan and why?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Fact

Fouchet voting rule

Fact

Flashcard #24: What voting rule did the Fouchet Plan propose?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Concept

Fouchet significance

Concept

Flashcard #25: Why is the Fouchet Plan significant despite failing?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Concept

Integration theory

Concept

Flashcard #26: Which integration theory does the Fouchet Plan embody, and what is its opposite?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Article

Ordinary revision procedure

Article

Flashcard #27: Which TEU article governs the ordinary revision procedure?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Date

Merger Treaty

Date

Flashcard #28: What did the 1967 Merger (Brussels) Treaty do?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Date

First EP elections

Date

Flashcard #29: When were the first direct elections to the European Parliament held?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Date

Amsterdam Treaty

Date

Flashcard #30: What did the Amsterdam Treaty achieve?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Date

Nice Treaty

Date

Flashcard #31: What did the Treaty of Nice (2001) change about Council voting?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Fact

Enlargement rounds

Date

Flashcard #32: What did the Lisbon Treaty (2007) change in Council governance?

Ch.1 History of the Councils Date

Fontainebleau summit

Concept

Flashcard #33: What is the double-majority voting rule introduced by Lisbon?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Article

The seven institutions

Fact

Flashcard #34: What are the three main EU institutions with legislative competence?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Article

Conferral, subsidiarity, proportionality

Concept

Flashcard #35: What is the role of the rotating presidency of the Council of the EU?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Article

Legal acts of the Union

Fact

Flashcard #36: How does the trio presidency system work?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Concept

Regulation

Concept

Flashcard #37: What is Coreper and what is its role?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Concept

Directive

Fact

Flashcard #38: What is the difference between Coreper I and Coreper II?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Concept

Decision

Fact

Flashcard #39: How many Council formations exist?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Concept

Recommendations & opinions

Fact

Flashcard #40: What does 'General Affairs Council' do?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Fact

European Parliament size

Fact

Flashcard #41: What does the Foreign Affairs Council (FAC) do?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Fact

Parliament's three functions

Fact

Flashcard #42: Who chairs the Foreign Affairs Council?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Article

Budgetary procedure

Concept

Flashcard #43: What is the ECOFIN Council responsible for?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Article

European Council role

Concept

Flashcard #44: What distinguishes the Eurogroup from ECOFIN?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Fact

Commission composition

Concept

Flashcard #45: What is the Justice and Home Affairs Council (JHA) responsible for?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Article

Commission President appointment

Fact

Flashcard #46: Who attends the Transport, Telecommunications and Energy Council?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Concept

Commission's role

Concept

Flashcard #47: What issue did the 'qualified majority' double-majority reform (Lisbon) create?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Article

Motion of censure

Concept

Flashcard #48: How does Council representation accommodate micro-states?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Article

Court of Justice of the EU

Concept

Flashcard #49: What is the ordinary legislative procedure (OLP)?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Article

Preliminary ruling

Concept

Flashcard #50: Does the Council have legislative initiative?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Article

European Central Bank

Fact

Flashcard #51: What are the three stages of the ordinary legislative procedure?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Article

Court of Auditors

Concept

Flashcard #52: In first reading of OLP, what majority does the Council need to adopt the Commission's proposal?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Concept

European Investment Bank

Concept

Flashcard #53: What happens if the Council rejects the Commission's OLP proposal at first reading?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Fact

Qualified majority voting

Concept

Flashcard #54: In second reading of OLP, what can the Council do with Parliament's amendments?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Fact

Council presidency

Concept

Flashcard #55: What happens during conciliation?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Article

High Representative

Concept

Flashcard #56: What are the consent and consultation procedures?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Concept

EESC

Concept

Flashcard #57: In the consent procedure, what vote is required in Council?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Concept

Committee of the Regions

Concept

Flashcard #58: In the consultation procedure, what is the Council's obligation regarding Parliament?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Concept

European Economic Area

Fact

Flashcard #59: Where are trilogues used in the legislative process?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Fact

EFTA

Fact

Flashcard #60: What is the key difference between delegated and implementing acts?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Article

EU merger control

Concept

Flashcard #61: What is Coreper and what is its role?

Ch.2 Institutional Structure Concept

Anti-corruption: OLAF & EPPO

Fact

Flashcard #62: How many Council formations exist?

Ch.3 Legislative Procedures Article

Legislative procedures defined

Concept

Flashcard #63: What does the General Affairs Council (GAC) do?

Ch.3 Legislative Procedures Article

Ordinary Legislative Procedure

Concept

Flashcard #64: What does the Foreign Affairs Council (FAC) do:

Ch.3 Legislative Procedures Concept

OLP readings

Concept

Flashcard #65: Who chairs the Foreign Affairs Council?

Ch.3 Legislative Procedures Article

Right of initiative

Concept

Flashcard #66: What is ECOFIN responsible for?

Ch.3 Legislative Procedures Concept

Consultation procedure

Concept

Flashcard #67: Who attends the Justice and Home Affairs Council (JHA)?

Ch.3 Legislative Procedures Concept

Consent procedure

Fact

Flashcard #68: Who attends the Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council (EPSCO)?

Ch.3 Legislative Procedures Fact

Cooperation procedure

Concept

Flashcard #69: What does the Agriculture and Fisheries Council (AGRIFISH) do?

Ch.3 Legislative Procedures Concept

Unanimity areas

Concept

Flashcard #70: What is the trio presidency mechanism?

Ch.3 Legislative Procedures Article

Delegated acts

Fact

Flashcard #71: How many Council working groups exist?

Ch.3 Legislative Procedures Article

Implementing acts

Fact

Flashcard #72: What does the Economic and Financial Committee (EFC) do?

Ch.3 Legislative Procedures Concept

Better Regulation & REFIT

Fact

Flashcard #73: What does the Political and Security Committee (PSC/COPS) do?

Ch.3 Legislative Procedures Concept

Subsidiarity control

Concept

Flashcard #74: What did the Single European Act (1986) achieve for the Council?

Ch.3 Legislative Procedures Concept

Trilogues

Date

Flashcard #75: When was the Maastricht Treaty signed and what did it rename the Council?

Ch.3 Legislative Procedures Concept

Staff Regulations & probation

Date

Flashcard #76: What did the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) achieve?

Ch.3 Legislative Procedures Concept

Disciplinary regime

Date

Flashcard #77: What did the Treaty of Nice (2001) change about Council voting?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Concept

Definition

Date

Flashcard #78: What did the Constitutional Treaty (2004) propose for the Council?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Article

Constitutional status

Date

Flashcard #79: What did the Lisbon Treaty (2007) reform in the Council?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Fact

Categories

Fact

Flashcard #80: How many Member States does the EU have as of 2025?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Concept

Legal personality

Fact

Flashcard #81: How many EU candidate countries are there?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Fact

Flashcard #82: What is the Schengen area and how many states are in it?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Fact

Flashcard #83: How many eurozone members are there as of 2025?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Fact

Flashcard #84: Which EU members do not use the euro?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Date

Flashcard #85: When did the UK leave the EU?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Concept

Flashcard #86: What is the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Fact

Flashcard #87: What is cohesion policy and what funds does it use?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Fact

Flashcard #88: What is the total budget of NextGenerationEU?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Fact

Flashcard #89: What is the Erasmus+ programme?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Fact

Flashcard #90: What is Horizon Europe?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Fact

Flashcard #91: What is the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF)?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Concept

Flashcard #92: What are own resources of the EU budget?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Concept

Flashcard #93: What is the European Green Deal?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Concept

Flashcard #94: What is the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Concept

Flashcard #95: What are the Fit for 55 package targets?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Concept

Flashcard #96: What is the role of the European Central Bank (ECB) in the EU institutional framework?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Concept

Flashcard #97: What is the role of EU agencies?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Concept

Flashcard #98: What is the legal basis for establishing EU agencies?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Fact

Flashcard #99: How many EU agencies are there?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Fact

Flashcard #100: Where is the European Medicines Agency (EMA) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Location

Flashcard #101: Where is the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Location

Flashcard #102: Where is the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Location

Flashcard #103: Where is the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Location

Flashcard #104: Where is the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Location

Flashcard #105: Where is the European Union Agency for Railways (ERA) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Location

Flashcard #106: Where is the European Environment Agency (EEA) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

Agency locations

Location

Flashcard #107: Where is the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Concept

ESFS

Location

Flashcard #108: Where is the European Banking Authority (EBA) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Date

ENISA reinforcement

Location

Flashcard #109: Where is the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Fact

Marine Strategy Directive

Location

Flashcard #110: Where is the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Concept

ESCB vs Eurosystem

Location

Flashcard #111: Where is the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Article

Eurosystem legal basis

Location

Flashcard #112: Where is the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Fact

Eurosystem tasks

Location

Flashcard #113: Where is the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Article

Banknote issuance

Location

Flashcard #114: Where is the European Labour Authority (ELA) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Article

ECB independence

Location

Flashcard #115: Where is the European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Fact

Stability and Growth Pact

Location

Flashcard #116: Where is the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Concept

Executive agencies

Location

Flashcard #117: Where is the European Union Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation (Eurojust) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Fact

The four executive agencies

Location

Flashcard #118: Where is the European Police Office (Europol) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Concept

Why executive agencies escape Meroni

Location

Flashcard #119: Where is the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training (CEPOL) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Article

Supervisory agencies legal basis

Location

Flashcard #120: Where is the European Union Agency for the Operational Management of Large-Scale IT Systems (eu-LISA) located?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Fact

Supervisory governance

Concept

Flashcard #121: What is the difference between regulatory agencies and executive agencies?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Article

Joint undertakings

Concept

Flashcard #122: How are EU agencies funded?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

CFSP agencies

Concept

Flashcard #123: What is the European System of Financial Supervision (ESFS)?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

CFSP agencies

Concept

Flashcard #124: What is the European System of Central Banks (ESCB)?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

CFSP agencies

Concept

Flashcard #125: What is the role of the Single Resolution Board (SRB)?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Location

EURATOM Supply Agency

Concept

Flashcard #126: What is the role of the European Public Prosecutor's Office (EPPO)?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Fact

Agency governance bodies

Concept

Flashcard #127: What is the Meroni doctrine?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Article

Budgetary discharge

Concept

Flashcard #128: What is the ESMA short-selling case?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Article

Judicial review of agencies

Concept

Flashcard #129: What is the institutional balance principle?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Fact

Oversight mechanisms

Concept

Flashcard #130: How do EU agencies relate to the principle of subsidiarity?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Case

Meroni doctrine

Concept

Flashcard #131: What does Court of Justice review of agency acts entail?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Article

Institutional balance

Concept

Flashcard #132: Why can't agencies adopt general regulatory acts?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Case

ESMA judgment

Concept

Flashcard #133: What is the delegation of powers limitation under Article 290 TFEU?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Concept

Limits on delegation

Concept

Flashcard #134: What is the 'Better Regulation' agenda in relation to agencies?

Ch.4 EU Agencies Concept

Agencies' constitutional position

Fact

Flashcard #135: Which body audits EU agency finances?

Ch.5 Social Indicators & Poverty Concept

European Semester

Concept

Flashcard #136: What is the European Semester?

Ch.5 Social Indicators & Poverty Fact

AROPE indicator

Concept

Flashcard #137: What is the AROPE indicator?

Ch.5 Social Indicators & Poverty Fact

At-risk-of-poverty rate

Fact

Flashcard #138: What is the EU's 2030 poverty reduction target?

Ch.5 Social Indicators & Poverty Concept

Severe material & social deprivation

Concept

Flashcard #139: What is the Gini coefficient?

Ch.5 Social Indicators & Poverty Concept

Very low work intensity

Concept

Flashcard #140: What is the Youth Guarantee?

Ch.5 Social Indicators & Poverty Concept

Gini coefficient

Concept

Flashcard #141: What is the European Pillar of Social Rights?

Ch.5 Social Indicators & Poverty Fact

EPSR 2030 targets

Fact

Flashcard #142: What is the EU's employment rate target for 2030?

Ch.5 Social Indicators & Poverty Fact

Pact on Migration and Asylum

Fact

Flashcard #143: What percentage of EU adults participate in adult learning each year?

Ch.5 Social Indicators & Poverty Article

Family reunification

Concept

Flashcard #144: What is the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund (EGF)?

Ch.6 Green Transition Concept

European Green Deal

Concept

Flashcard #145: What is the European Green Deal?

Ch.6 Green Transition Fact

European Climate Law targets

Date

Flashcard #146: When was the European Climate Law adopted?

Ch.6 Green Transition Fact

Fit for 55

Fact

Flashcard #147: What intermediate target does the Climate Law set for 2030?

Ch.6 Green Transition Concept

EU Emissions Trading System

Concept

Flashcard #148: What is the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)?

Ch.6 Green Transition Date

CBAM

Concept

Flashcard #149: What is the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)?

Ch.6 Green Transition Fact

Renewable Energy Directive

Fact

Flashcard #150: What is the EU's renewable energy target under the revised RED?

Ch.6 Green Transition Fact

LULUCF Regulation

Concept

Flashcard #151: What is the LULUCF Regulation?

Ch.6 Green Transition Fact

Social Climate Fund

Concept

Flashcard #152: What is the Social Climate Fund?

Ch.6 Green Transition Fact

Nature Restoration Regulation

Fact

Flashcard #153: What is the Nature Restoration Law?

Ch.7 Social Policy & Rights Article

Social policy Treaty basis

Article

Flashcard #154: Which TFEU articles establish the EU's social policy competence?

Ch.7 Social Policy & Rights Fact

Charter of Fundamental Rights

Article

Flashcard #155: What is the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights?

Ch.7 Social Policy & Rights Fact

European Pillar of Social Rights

Date

Flashcard #156: When was the Charter of Fundamental Rights proclaimed and when did it become binding?

Ch.7 Social Policy & Rights Article

Equal pay

Concept

Flashcard #157: What is the principle of equal pay for equal work in EU law?

Ch.7 Social Policy & Rights Fact

Pay Transparency Directive

Directive

Flashcard #158: What does the Pay Transparency Directive (2023) require?

Ch.7 Social Policy & Rights Article

Anti-discrimination

Concept

Flashcard #159: What is the EU's anti-discrimination framework?

Ch.7 Social Policy & Rights Article

Social security coordination

Directive

Flashcard #160: What is the Working Time Directive?

Ch.7 Social Policy & Rights Concept

European Health Union & EHDS

Concept

Flashcard #161: What is EU competition law based on?

Ch.8 Competition Law Article

Competition law foundations

Article

Flashcard #162: What does Article 101 TFEU prohibit?

Ch.8 Competition Law Article

Article 101 TFEU

Article

Flashcard #163: What does Article 102 TFEU prohibit?

Ch.8 Competition Law Article

Article 102 TFEU

Article

Flashcard #164: What does Article 107 TFEU cover?

Ch.8 Competition Law Article

State aid control

Concept

Flashcard #165: Who enforces EU competition law?

Ch.8 Competition Law Fact

Regulation 1/2003

Fact

Flashcard #166: What is the maximum fine for breaching EU competition rules?

Ch.8 Competition Law Fact

Fining powers

Concept

Flashcard #167: What is the Merger Regulation (EUMR)?

Ch.8 Competition Law Concept

Foreign Subsidies Regulation

Concept

Flashcard #168: What are the four freedoms of the internal market?

Ch.9 Internal Market Article

The internal market

Article

Flashcard #169: Which TFEU article prohibits customs duties and charges having equivalent effect?

Ch.9 Internal Market Article

Free movement of goods

Article

Flashcard #170: What is the Cassis de Dijon principle?

Ch.9 Internal Market Article

Free movement of workers

Article

Flashcard #171: What does Article 45 TFEU guarantee?

Ch.9 Internal Market Article

Freedom of establishment

Article

Flashcard #172: What does Article 56 TFEU guarantee?

Ch.9 Internal Market Article

Free movement of services

Article

Flashcard #173: What does Article 63 TFEU guarantee?

Ch.9 Internal Market Article

Harmonisation

Concept

Flashcard #174: What is the Services Directive (2006/123/EC)?

Ch.9 Internal Market Article

Common Agricultural Policy

Concept

Flashcard #175: What is the EU's competitiveness agenda?

Ch.9 Internal Market Article

Common Commercial Policy

Concept

Flashcard #176: What is the Draghi Report on EU competitiveness?

Ch.10 Competitiveness Fact

Horizon Europe

Concept

Flashcard #177: What is the Letta Report on the Single Market?

Ch.10 Competitiveness Fact

Draghi report

Concept

Flashcard #178: What is the Clean Industrial Deal?

Ch.10 Competitiveness Fact

Competitiveness Compass

Concept

Flashcard #179: What is the Digital Single Market?

Ch.10 Competitiveness Date

Clean Industrial Deal

Regulation

Flashcard #180: What is the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)?

Ch.10 Competitiveness Article

BEFIT

Regulation

Flashcard #181: What is the Digital Services Act (DSA)?

Ch.10 Competitiveness Concept

Strategic autonomy

Regulation

Flashcard #182: What is the Digital Markets Act (DMA)?

Ch.11 Digital Single Market Concept

Digital Single Market

Regulation

Flashcard #183: What is the Data Act?

Ch.11 Digital Single Market Fact

Digital Decade 2030 targets

Regulation

Flashcard #184: What is the AI Act?

Ch.11 Digital Single Market Concept

DESI

Concept

Flashcard #185: What was the headline theme of the 2025 State of the Union?

Ch.11 Digital Single Market Fact

Key EU digital laws

Concept

Flashcard #186: What major initiative was announced in the 2025 State of the Union?

Ch.12 State of the Union 2025 Date

State of the Union 2025

Concept

Flashcard #187: What was the Commission's position on enlargement in 2025?

Ch.12 State of the Union 2025 Fact

Ukraine measures (2025)

Fact

Flashcard #188: How many SOTU addresses has Ursula von der Leyen delivered?

Ch.12 State of the Union 2025 Fact

Defence: Readiness 2030

Concept

Flashcard #189: What is the European Defence Union White Paper?

Ch.12 State of the Union 2025 Fact

Competitiveness initiatives (2025)

Date

Flashcard #190: When is the next Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) due?

Ch.12 State of the Union 2025 Fact

Social priorities (2025)

Concept

Flashcard #191: What is the EU's position on trade policy in 2025?

Ch.12 State of the Union 2025 Concept

Strategic autonomy (2025)

Concept

Flashcard #192: What was the key message of the 2025 SOTU on migration?